Psychology 202

Exam 4 Study Guide

 

 

Schizophrenia (Chapter 15)

·         Emil Kraepelin, dementia praecox, Eugene Bleuler

·         Positive symptoms

·         Delusions: persecutory & grandiose

·         Hallucinations: auditory, visual

·         Relative activity in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas during hallucinations (McGuire et al. study presented in class)

·         Thought disorders

·         Disorganized/catatonic behavior

 

·         Negative symptoms

·         Flattened emotional response

·         Poverty of speech

·         Lack of initiative and persistence (avolition)

·         Anhedonia

·         Social withdrawal

 

·         Distinction between and prognosis for Type I and Type II schizophrenia  (presented in class)

·         Lifetime prevalence

·         Evidence regarding heritability

·         Dopamine hypothesis

·         3 pieces of evidence supporting (from text or lecture)

·         Possible role of mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens

·         2 pieces of evidence contradicting (from lecture)

·         Mesocortical system and prefrontal cortex (from lecture)

·         Hypofrontality

·         Clozapine and chlorpromazine (including specific dopamine receptor sites of action)

 

·         Brain abnormalities

·         Ventricle size

·         Hippocampal neuron organization (from lecture)

·         2 Possible environmental correlates of schizophrenia, seasonality effect

 

 

Affective Disorders (Chapter 15)

·         Basic symptoms of Unipolar (Major Depression, Dysthymia. Seasonal affective disorder) and Bipolar (Bipolar, Cyclothymia) Depression

·         Lifetime Prevalence of Major Depression and gender ratio

·         Heritability: Concordance rates for “any affective disorder”

·         Type of depression with strongest genetic contribution (presented in lecture)

·         Three drug treatments for depression and respective sites of action/neurotransmitters affected

·         Two additional physiological treatments for depression: lithium and ECT

·         Monoamine hypothesis

·         Tryptophan depletion procedure (Delgado 1990) and who it affects

·         Brain abnormalities: amygdala, subgenual ACC (note relevant controversy), ventricular size (lecture) and hemispheric activation differences (lecture)

·         Role of the 5-HT (serotonin) transporter in depression

·         Sleep abnormalities in depression

·         Impact of REM sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation on depression

 

 

Drug Abuse (Chapter 16)

·         Substance abuse vs. substance dependence

·         Tolerance symptoms vs. withdrawal symptoms

·         Physical dependence vs. psychic dependence

·         Examples of how classical and operant conditioning can be used to explain drug abuse/dependence

·         Importance of the mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens

·         Behavioral effects and neurotransmitters affected by the following drugs

·         Opiates: endorphins

·         Cocaine and amphetamines: dopamine

·         Nicotine: ACh, conditioned place preference

·         Alcohol and barbiturates: NMDA and GABAA receptors,

·         Cannabis: THC receptors, hippocampus

 

·         Heritability

·         Steady vs. binge drinkers

 

·         Treatments for drug abuse (for each of the drugs below, be able to briefly describe its site(s) of action)

·         Opiate addiction: methadone maintenance therapy & buprenorphine

·         Cocaine and amphetamine addiction: note general lack of effective treatments, discuss problems of either blocking or stimulating dopamine receptors,  interesting results of the Carrera et al. (1995) “immunization” study

·         Nicotine addiction: varenicline, bupropion, rimonabant, & nicotine gum/patches

·         Alcohol addiction: naltrexone, acamprosate